Teacher's social desirability bias and Migrant students: A study on explicit and implicit prejudices with a list experiment.

Scholarly research has consistently shown that teachers present negative assessments of and attitudes toward migrant students. However, previous studies have not clearly addressed the distinction between implicit and explicit prejudices, or identified their underlying sources. This study identifies the explicit and implicit prejudices held by elementary and middle school teachers regarding the learning abilities of an ethnic minority group: Haitian students within the Chilean educational system. We use a list experiment to assess how social desirability and intergroup attitudes toward minority students influence teachers' prejudices. The findings reveal that teachers harbor implicit prejudices towards Haitian students and are truthful in reporting their attitudes, thereby contradicting the desirability bias hypothesis. We suggest that teachers rely on stereotypes associated with the students' nationality when assessing Haitian students' learning abilities. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to theories grounded in stereotypes and intergroup attitudes.

Association of positive psychological variables with disease activity, functional disability and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a preliminary study.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease which has shown positive correlations between negative psychological variables and disease activity in transversal studies and in the follow-up. However, the association of positive psychological variables with disease parameters including disease activity (DAS-28), functional disability (HAQ) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) has not been investigated. Patients with RA attending the external consultation of a third level hospital were invited to participate and fill in a questionnaire with personal, disease and psychological variables; body mass index was also obtained as well as ESR. A total of 49 patients were included. The three dependent variables correlated among them, with the highest correlation for DAS-28 and HAQ (r=0.645, p<0.01), followed by somatization and HAQ (r=0.614, p<0.01) or DAS-28 (r=0.537, P<0.01). In addition, HAQ showed negative correlations with environmental mastery (r=- 0.366, p<0.01), personal growth (r=-0.292, p<0.05) and monthly extra money (r=-0.328, p<0.05), and borderline negative correlations with emotion perception (r=-0.279, p=0.053) and self-acceptance (r=-0.250, p=0.08). ESR showed a significant negative correlation with emotion perception (r=-0.475, p<0.01). In conclusion, we observed important correlations of positive psychological variables with disease activity, functional disability and ESR that could be addressed in order to prevent or treat these disease features.

Epidemiology and prevalence of mutations associated with resistance to macrolides and fluoroquinolones in Mycoplasma genitalium in a tertiary hospital from Madrid, Spain.

OBJECTIVE: Mycoplasma genitalium causes persistent sexually transmitted infections. The aims of this study were to estimate the prevalence of resistances to macrolides and fluoroquinolones in M. genitalium and the sexually transmitted coinfections in patients at Hospital Universitario La Paz (Madrid, Spain). METHODS: Patients attended between January and October 2021 were studied. Screening for sexually transmitted pathogens and detection of 23S rRNA and parC genes mutations were performed by real-time PCR (Allplex,SeegeneTM). RESULTS: A total of 1,518 females and 1,136 males were studied. The prevalence of M. genitalium was 2.1%. The macrolides resistance rate was 51.8%. The mutations found were A2059G, A2058T and A2058G. The rate of resistance to fluoroquinolones was 17.8% being the G248T mutation (S83I) the most frequent. Seven males had some sexual transmitted coinfection. CONCLUSIONS: Although the percentage of M. genitalium infections is low, the high rate of resistance to macrolides makes it necessary to revise the protocols for diagnosis and empirical treatment of sexually transmitted infections. The use of fluoroquinolones is appropriate after screening of macrolide resistance profile.

Progresión en glaucoma. Guía de práctica clínica / Glaucoma progression. Clinical practice guide

Objetivo Ofrecer una serie de recomendaciones generales que sirvan de orientación en la evaluación y el manejo de la progresión glaucomatosa en la práctica clínica diaria a partir de la evidencia clínica de calidad existente. Métodos Tras la definición de los objetivos y del alcance de la guía se constituyó el grupo de trabajo que formuló las preguntas clínicas estructuradas siguiendo el formato PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes). Una vez evaluada toda la evidencia clínica existente con las herramientas AMSTAR2 (Assessment of Multiple systematic Rewiews) y Risk of bias de Cochrane de forma independiente por al menos dos revisores, se pasó a la formulación de recomendaciones siguiendo la metodología del Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline Network (SIGN). Resultados Se presentan recomendaciones con sus correspondientes niveles de evidencia que pueden ser de utilidad para la detección y el seguimiento de la progresión glaucomatosa con los distintos métodos disponibles y para el tratamiento de los pacientes. Conclusiones A pesar de que para muchas de las preguntas el nivel de evidencia científica disponible no es muy alto, esta guía de práctica clínica ofrece una revisión actualizada de los diferentes aspectos existentes relacionados con la evaluación y el manejo de la progresión glaucomatosa (AU)

Objective To provide general recommendations that serve as a guide for the evaluation and management of glaucomatous progression in daily clinical practice based on the existing quality of clinical evidence. Methods After defining the objectives and scope of the guide, the working group was formed and structured clinical questions were formulated following the PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes) format. Once all the existing clinical evidence had been independently evaluated with the AMSTAR2 (Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews) and Cochrane «Risk of bias» tools by at least two reviewers, recommendations were formulated following the Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline network (SIGN) methodology. Results Recommendations with their corresponding levels of evidence that may be useful in the interpretation and decision-making related to the different methods for the detection of glaucomatous progression are presented. Conclusions Despite the fact that for many of the questions the level of scientific evidence available is not very high, this clinical practice guideline offers an updated review of the different existing aspects related to the evaluation and management of glaucomatous progression (AU)

Glaucoma progression. Clinical practice guide.

OBJECTIVE: To provide general recommendations that serve as a guide for the evaluation and management of glaucomatous progression in daily clinical practice based on the existing quality of clinical evidence. METHODS: After defining the objectives and scope of the guide, the working group was formed and structured clinical questions were formulated following the PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes) format. Once all the existing clinical evidence had been independently evaluated with the AMSTAR 2 (Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews) and Cochrane "Risk of bias" tools by at least two reviewers, recommendations were formulated following the Scottish Intercollegiate Guideline network (SIGN) methodology. RESULTS: Recommendations with their corresponding levels of evidence that may be useful in the interpretation and decision-making related to the different methods for the detection of glaucomatous progression are presented. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the fact that for many of the questions the level of scientific evidence available is not very high, this clinical practice guideline offers an updated review of the different existing aspects related to the evaluation and management of glaucomatous progression.

The Role of Preschool Dosage and Quality in Children's Self-Regulation Development.

The present study examined how the dosage and quality of the federal preschool program "Head Start" (HS) in the US related to children's self-regulation skills in kindergarten. Using Propensity Score Matching and multiple regression (OLS), this study explored how the number of years and hours a week of HS were related to self-regulation among 2,383 children, who entered the program either at 3 or 4 years old. An additional year in HS was significantly positively associated with self-regulation in kindergarten, while the number of hours a week in HS was not. However, the quality of teacher-child interactions moderated the relation between hours a week in HS and self-regulation. Findings contribute to the growing body of evidence about how dosage and quality of early childhood education experiences relate to children's development.

Ganglio centinela en la metástasis ganglionar por cáncer papilar de tiroides: validez diagnóstica y aplicación en la práctica clínica / Sentinel lymph node biopsy in papillary thyroid cancer: Accuracy and application in clinical practice

Introducción La biopsia selectiva del ganglio centinela (BSGC) puede completar el estudio preoperatorio detectando adenopatías no visibles ecográficamente. De este modo, se puede estadificar a los pacientes y estratificar el riesgo de recidiva de forma más precisa y, por tanto, ayudar a definir el tipo de tratamiento tanto quirúrgico como con 131I que debemos realizar. El objetivo fue validar la BSGC para su utilización en el diagnóstico de la metástasis ganglionar por cáncer papilar de tiroides. Métodos Estudio observacional prospectivo de cohortes que incluye a 55 pacientes intervenidos por cáncer papilar de tiroides sin sospecha de afectación ganglionar clínica o radiológica, desde febrero de 2012 hasta febrero de 2015, con un seguimiento de entre 6 y 8 años. Se utilizó 99Tc con nanocoloide intratumoral y una sonda portátil de la gammacámara para la detección de los ganglios centinelas. Variables: edad, género, histológicas, analíticas y estadificación preoperatoria y postoperatoria. Se calculó la sensibilidad, la especificidad y los valores predictivos de la técnica. La validación se determinó calculando la detectabilidad y los falsos negativos de la prueba. Resultados En 53 de los 55 (96,36%) pacientes hubo detección del ganglio centinela. Los falsos negativos fueron 4 (7,5%) pacientes. Del resto, tras aplicar la BSGC, 24 (48,9%) se mantuvieron como N0, 14 (28,5%) pasaron a ser N1a y 11 (22,4%) se clasificaron como N1b. Las diferencias observadas en el estudio fueron significativas (p<0,05). La sensibilidad fue del 86,21%, la especificidad del 100%, el VPP del 100% y el VPN del 85,71%. La precisión diagnóstica fue del 92,45%. Conclusiones La BSGC es una técnica válida para su utilización en los pacientes afectos de cáncer papilar de tiroides, con una alta precisión diagnóstica (AU)

Introduction The presence of lymph nodes metastasis in papillary thyroid cancer modifies the type of surgical resection as well as the indication of the treatment with 131I in the postoperative period. This therapeutic approach is based on the results of the diagnostic tests, like the cervical ultrasonography. Currently other methods of diagnostic are tested as selective sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). It can complement to the ultrasound results. The aim was to validate the SLNB for use in the diagnosis of lymph node metastasis by papillary thyroid cancer. Methods Observational prospective cohort study of 55 patients who underwent papillary thyroid cancer without suspicion of lymph node involvement clinical or radiological, since February 2012 through February 2015, with a follow-up between 6 and 8 years. It was used 99Tc with intratumoral nanocoloid and a portable tube of the gamma camera for the detection of the sentinel node. Variables: age, gender, histological, analytical and preoperative and postoperative staging. The sensitivity, specificity and predictive values of technique was calculated. The validation was determined by calculating the detectability and the false negative results of the test. Results In 53 of the 55 patients (96.36%) there was the sentinel node detection. The false negative were 4 patients (7.5%). Of the rest, after applying the SLNB, 24 (48.9%) were kept as N0, 14 (28.5%) became N1a and 11 (22.4%) were classified as N1b. The differences observed in the study were significant (P<.05). The sensitivity was 86.21%, the specificity of 100%, the PPV was 100% and the NPV of 85.71%. The diagnostic accuracy was 92.45%. Conclusions The SLNB is a valid technique for use in patients suffering from papillary thyroid cancer with a high diagnostic accuracy (AU)

Evaluación de la plataforma SEFAC e_XPERT® para la prestación del Servicio de Indicación Farmacéutica / Evaluation of the SEFAC e_XPERT® platform for the provision of the Pharmaceutical Indication Service

JUSTIFICACIÓN: la Indicación Farmacéutica es una de las actividades clínicas que se realizan habitualmente en la farmacia comunitaria. Foro de Atención Farmacéutica en Farmacia Comunitaria (FC) protocolizó hace años el Servicio de Indicación Farmacéutica (SIF) y SEFAC ha desarrollado una plataforma para registrar el SIF.OBJETIVOS: conocer la utilidad de la plataforma SEFAC e_XPERT® en la práctica diaria para realizar el SIF.METODOLOGÍA: estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal y multicéntrico realizado en farmacias comunitarias de Madrid, Guadalajara y Zaragoza por alumnos de Prácticas Tuteladas (PT) de la Universidad de Alcalá. Criterios de inclusión: farmacias con alumnos de PT, que tengan y utilicen SEFAC e_XPERT®. Se diseñó una encuesta a través de Google-Forms en la que se recogieron: quién realiza la encuesta, tipo de farmacia, utilidad de la plataforma, evaluación posterior del servicio, utilidad del uso de protocolos consensuados, detección de PRM/RNM, tiempo dedicado al servicio, recomendación de uso y fortalezas de la plataforma. Se ofreció una formación a los participantes sobre el manejo de la herramienta. Los datos se analizaron con EXCEL®.RESULTADOS: participaron 85 personas: 57 alumnos (67,1 %) y 28 tutores (32,9 %), que pertenecían a 57 farmacias: 75,3 % de barrio, 14 % próximas a un centro de salud, 5,2 % en un centro comercial y 3,5 % de paso. El 66,7 % de los alumnos y el 64,3 % de los tutores consideran útil la plataforma, frente al 26,3 % de alumnos y 25 % de tutores que creen que no tiene utilidad. La plataforma no es de utilidad en 33,3 % de las farmacias próximas a un centro de salud, 25 % de las ubicadas en centros comerciales. Y es de utilidad en el 67, 2% de las farmacias de barrio y en el 100 % de las de paso. 47,1 % manifiestan su utilidad para detectar PRM/RNM; 29, 4% utilizan otro programa y 23,5 % inútil. 56,5 % creen que enlentece el servicio y 37,6% que es el tiempo que se necesita para cada paciente. (AU)

Low muscle mass in COVID-19 critically-ill patients: Prognostic significance and surrogate markers for assessment.

INTRODUCTION: Low muscle mass is a common condition in the critically ill population and is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. The primary aim of this study was to analyze the prognostic significance of low muscle mass using computed tomography (CT) scans in COVID-19 critically ill patients. A second objective was to determine the accuracy and agreement in low muscle mass identification using diverse markers compared to CT as the gold standard. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of COVID-19 critically ill patients. Skeletal muscle area at the third lumbar vertebra was measured. Clinical outcomes (intensive care unit [ICU] and hospital length of stay [LOS], tracheostomy, days on mechanical ventilation [MV], and in-hospital mortality) were assessed. Phase angle, estimated fat-free mass index, calf circumference, and mid-upper arm circumference were measured as surrogate markers of muscle mass. RESULTS: Eighty-six patients were included (mean age ± SD: 48.6 ± 12.9; 74% males). Patients with low muscle mass (48%) had a higher rate of tracheostomy (50 vs 20%, p = 0.01), prolonged ICU (adjusted HR 0.53, 95%CI 0.30-0.92, p = 0.024) and hospital LOS (adjusted HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.29-0.86, p = 0.014). Bedside markers of muscle mass showed poor to fair agreement and accuracy compared to CT-assessed low muscle mass. CONCLUSION: Low muscle mass at admission was associated with prolonged length of ICU and hospital stays. Further studies are needed to establish targeted nutritional interventions to halt and correct the catabolic impact of COVID-19 in critically ill patients, based on standardized and reliable measurements of body composition.

Respuesta humoral inducida por la vacuna BBIBP-CorV/Sinopharm COVID-19 en trabajadores de primera línea / BBIBP-CorV/Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine-induced humoral response in frontline workers

Con la llegada de la vacuna contra el COVID-19 se evidenció la disminución de casos de Infección por SARS-CoV-2. El objetivo del estudio fue cuantificar la producción de anticuerpos neutralizantes (An) e inmunoglobulina G (S-IgG) en trabajadores de primera línea inmunizados con dos dosis de la vacuna BBIBP-CorV/Sinopharma. Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico transversal en personal de salud inmunizado con la vacuna inactivada (BBIBP-CorV). Sus muestras sanguíneas se recogieron tres meses después de la segunda dosis, para medir las respuestas de anticuerpos (An, S-IgG). De un total de 172 personas evaluadas, 110 (64%) personas ya habían tenido COVID-19 antes de ingresar al estudio, los títulos de An fueron superiores a 10 AU/mL en el 60,5% de los vacunados y el 89,3% mostró S-IgG superior a 50 UA/mL. Los trabajadores mayores de 60 años fueron el grupo que no desarrolló suficientes anticuerpos. La correlación de An y S-IgG fue positiva (r=0,84) (p<0,001). La administración de dos dosis de la vacuna inactivada BBIBP-CorV/Sinopharma provocó una notable respuesta An y S-IgG, excepto en mayores de 60 años(AU)

With the arrival of the vaccine against COVID-19, the decrease in cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection was evidenced. The objective of the study was to quantify the production of neutralizing antibodies (An) and immunoglobulin G (S-IgG) in frontline workers immunized with two doses of the BBIBP-CorV/Sinopharma vaccine. A cross-sectional analytical observational study was carried out in health personnel immunized with the inactivated vaccine (BBIBP-CorV). Their blood samples were collected three months after the second dose, to measure antibody responses (An, S-IgG). Of a total of 172 people evaluated, 110 (64%) people already had COVID-19 before entering the study, An titers were greater than 10 AU/mL in 60.5% of those vaccinated and 89, 3% showed S-IgG greater than 50 AU/mL. Workers older than 60 years were the group that did not develop enough antibodies. The correlation of An and S-IgG was positive (r=0.84) (p<0.001). The administration of two doses of the inactivated BBIBP-CorV/Sinopharma vaccine caused a notable An and S-IgG response, except in those over 60 years of age(AU)

Subcutaneous sarcoidosis: A case series of 19 patients.

Subcutaneous sarcoidosis is a rare variant of this disease, whose relationship with systemic disease is still controversial. Our objective was to describe the clinical characteristics of a series of patients with subcutaneous sarcoidosis and to investigate the relationship between these skin lesions and the disease's activity, severity, and prognosis. Nineteen patients with biopsy-confirmed subcutaneous sarcoidosis between 2009 and 2019 were selected. Mean age at diagnosis was 53 years. Lung involvement was detected in 10 patients (52.6%), mainly in stages I and II. Only two patients (10.5%) had additional systemic signs and five patients (26%) suffered from other autoimmune diseases simultaneously. Six patients (31.6%) had elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme levels (mean level 174.5 U/L). Eight patients (42%) received treatment, mainly systemic corticosteroids, and all patients except for one had a favorable clinical outcome. Subcutaneous sarcoidosis is frequently associated with a mild form of systemic disease, and the prognosis seems favorable regardless of treatment. Sarcoid nodules could be an early finding of systemic disease, allowing for less invasive procedures for histological confirmation.

Cannabinoid receptor CB2 ablation protects against TAU induced neurodegeneration.

Tauopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by the alteration/aggregation of TAU protein, for which there is still no effective treatment. Therefore, new pharmacological targets are being sought, such as elements of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). We analysed the occurrence of changes in the ECS in tauopathies and their implication in the pathogenesis. By integrating gene expression analysis, immunofluorescence, genetic and adeno-associated virus expressing TAU mouse models, we found a TAU-dependent increase in CB2 receptor expression in hippocampal neurons, that occurs as an early event in the pathology and was maintained until late stages. These changes were accompanied by alterations in the endocannabinoid metabolism. Remarkably, CB2 ablation in mice protects from neurodegeneration induced by hTAUP301L overexpression, corroborated at the level of cognitive behaviour, synaptic plasticity, and aggregates of insoluble TAU. At the level of neuroinflammation, the absence of CB2 did not produce significant changes in concordance with a possible neuronal location rather than its classic glial expression in these models. These findings were corroborated in post-mortem samples of patients with Alzheimer's disease, the most common tauopathy. Our results show that neurons with accumulated TAU induce the expression of the CB2 receptor, which enhances neurodegeneration. These results are important for our understanding of disease mechanisms, providing a novel therapeutic strategy to be investigated in tauopathies.

Cancer blues? A promising judgment bias task indicates pessimism in nude mice with tumors.

In humans, affective states can bias responses to ambiguous information: a phenomenon termed judgment bias (JB). Judgment biases have great potential for assessing affective states in animals, in both animal welfare and biomedical research. New animal JB tasks require construct validation, but for laboratory mice (Mus musculus), the most common research vertebrate, a valid JB task has proved elusive. Here (Experiment 1), we demonstrate construct validity for a novel mouse JB test: an olfactory Go/Go task in which subjects dig for high- or low-value food rewards. In C57BL/6 and Balb/c mice faced with ambiguous cues, latencies to dig were sensitive to high/low welfare housing: environmentally-enriched animals responded with relative 'optimism' through shorter latencies. Illustrating the versatility of this validated JB task across different fields of research, it further allowed us to test hypotheses about the mood-altering effects of cancer in male and female nude mice (Experiment 2). Males, although not females, treated ambiguous cues as intermediate; and males bearing subcutaneous lung adenocarcinomas also responded more pessimistically to these than did healthy controls. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence of a valid mouse JB task, and the first demonstration of pessimism in tumor-bearing animals. This task still needs to be refined to improve its sensitivity. However, it has great potential for investigating mouse welfare, the links between affective state and disease, depression-like states in animals, and hypotheses regarding the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie affect-mediated biases in judgment.

Multiple trauma management in mountain environments - a scoping review : Evidence based guidelines of the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (ICAR MedCom). Intended for physicians and other advanced life support personnel.

BACKGROUND: Multiple trauma in mountain environments may be associated with increased morbidity and mortality compared to urban environments. OBJECTIVE: To provide evidence based guidance to assist rescuers in multiple trauma management in mountain environments. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: All articles published on or before September 30th 2019, in all languages, were included. Articles were searched with predefined search terms. SOURCES OF EVIDENCE: PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and hand searching of relevant studies from the reference list of included articles. CHARTING METHODS: Evidence was searched according to clinically relevant topics and PICO questions. RESULTS: Two-hundred forty-seven articles met the inclusion criteria. Recommendations were developed and graded according to the evidence-grading system of the American College of Chest Physicians. The manuscript was initially written and discussed by the coauthors. Then it was presented to ICAR MedCom in draft and again in final form for discussion and internal peer review. Finally, in a face-to-face discussion within ICAR MedCom consensus was reached on October 11th 2019, at the ICAR fall meeting in Zakopane, Poland. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple trauma management in mountain environments can be demanding. Safety of the rescuers and the victim has priority. A crABCDE approach, with haemorrhage control first, is central, followed by basic first aid, splinting, immobilisation, analgesia, and insulation. Time for on-site medical treatment must be balanced against the need for rapid transfer to a trauma centre and should be as short as possible. Reduced on-scene times may be achieved with helicopter rescue. Advanced diagnostics (e.g. ultrasound) may be used and treatment continued during transport.

Investigación médico-antropológica documental: prescripciones enfocadas al manejo del dolor / Medical-anthropological research: prescriptions focused on pain management

Introducción: Las recetas médicas o prescripciones históricas en el territorio de la Nueva Granada (hoy Colombia) revelan la evolución del manejo de la enfermedad en función de los efectos benéficos de administrar algún tipo de agente medicinal de origen vegetal, animal o mineral. Objetivo: Describir el tratamiento del reumatismo en los siglos XVIII y XIX, con base en dos recetas médicas de la época con base en la fundamentación contemporánea de su interacción fisiológica. Materiales y métodos: Búsqueda documental en el archivo Histórico de la Biblioteca Octavio Arizmendi Posada de la Universidad de La Sabana, donde se encontraron las recetas tituladas "Reumatismo" y "Rehumas". Resultados: Se describen cuatro clases de tratamientos para las enfermedades reumáticas utilizados en los siglos XVIII y XIX y orientados principalmente a la disminución del dolor. Este artículo presenta las bases fisiológicas de estos tratamientos, y cómo pudieron o no haber tenido algún efecto calmante al examinar su fisiología. Conclusiones: Estos medicamentos coloniales neogranadinos no ameritan su uso en el contexto actual de la medicina, pero pudieron representar una ayuda terapéutica en su momento.

Introduction: the medical prescriptions or historical prescriptions in the territory of New Granada (present-day Colombia) reveal the evolution of disease management given the beneficial effects of administering some type of medicinal agent of plant, animal or mineral origin. Objective: To describe the treatment of rheumatism in the 18th and 19th centuries based on two medical prescriptions of the time based on the contemporary rationale of their physiological interactions. Materials and methods: Documentary search in the Historical Archive of the Octavio Arizmendi Posada Library at Universidad de La Sabana in Colombia, where the prescriptions entitled "Reumatismo" and "Rehuma" were found. Results: Four classes of treatments for rheumatic diseases used in the 18th and 19th centuries and mainly oriented to pain reduction are described. This article presents the physiological basis of these treatments, and how they may or may not have had some calming effect when examining their physiology. Conclusions: These Neogranadian colonial drugs do not deserve their use in the current context of medicine, but they may have represented a therapeutic aid at the time.

Do Religious Factors Influence the Attitude Toward Organ Donation Among Medical Students? A Spanish Multicenter Study.

INTRODUCTION: Religious factors have conditioned the attitude toward organ donation and transplantation (ODT) since the beginning of transplantation, despite the fact that most religions are in favor of transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of religious beliefs of medical students on their attitude toward ODT. METHOD: Population under study: Medical students in Spanish universities. STUDY SAMPLE: Stratified by geographical area and academic course. Assessment instrument: Attitude ODT questionnaire PCID-DTO-Ríos, anonymous and self-administered. RESULTS: Of all students, 42% (n = 3907) declare themselves atheists or agnostics. The remaining 58% (n = 5368) declare themselves to be religious, the majority being Catholic (55%, n = 5102). Of the rest, 0.2% are Muslims (n = 8), 0.1% Protestants (n = 1), and the remaining 2.7% (n = 257) indicate other religious doctrines but do not want to specify it. Regarding their attitude toward ODT, those who consider themselves atheists or agnostics have a more favorable attitude than those who consider themselves religious (84% versus 76%; P < .001). Among those who follow some kind of religion, Catholics are more in favor of ODT than non-Catholics (77% vs 64%, P < .001). Note that among the religious, only 57% (n = 3050) know which religion is in favor of transplantation, while 22% (n = 1,152) consider that it has not been pronounced on the matter, 13% (n = 723) think the religion is against donation, and the remaining 8% (n = 443) do not know. CONCLUSION: The religion professed by medical students conditions their attitude toward donation, with the atheists and agnostics being more in favor of donation.

Are High Rates of Deceased Donation Conditioning the Attitude Toward Liver Donation Among Medical Students?

The involvement of health professionals from their training period is important for the promotion of living liver donation. There are data that indicate that the awareness of living donation is lower in areas with high rates of deceased donation. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the attitude toward living liver donation among Spanish medical students, according to donation rates of their regions. METHOD: Population under study: Medical students in Spanish universities. Database of the Collaborative International Donor Project, stratified by geographic area and academic course. The completion was anonymous and self-administered. Groups under study: group 1 (n = 1136): students in universities of regions with >50 donors per million population (pmp); group 2 (n = 2018): students in region universities with <40 donors pmp. Assessment instrument: the attitude questionnaire for living liver donation Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante sobre Donación de Vivo Hepático-Ríos (PCID-DVH Ríos). RESULTS: The attitude toward related liver donation is more favorable among the students of regions with <40 donors pmp than among those of >50 donors pmp. Thus, in group 1, a total of 88% (n = 1002) of students are in favor compared with 91% (n = 1831) of group 2 (P=.02). The psychosocial profile of each study group about their attitude toward living related liver donation is analyzed. There is a similar profile between the 2 groups, although there are differences in some variables such as age, a belief that one might need a transplant, family discussion about donation and transplantation, discussion with friends about donation and transplantation, and knowing about a donor. CONCLUSIONS: The awareness of living related donation among Spanish medical students is greater among the regions with lower organ donation rates.